This Post-Conflict Assessment was undertaken by the Academy for Peace and Development (APD) on November 9th, 2025 to examine and document the dynamics, impacts, and recovery prospects following the December 2024 inter-clan conflict in Erigavo, the administrative capital of the Sanaag region.

This study produces nuanced insights for understanding the barriers and opportunities to women’s participation in political leadership and representation in Somaliland. The study focuses on the complex and interwoven individual, social, economic, and political issues affecting women's quest for political leadership and representation. We also correct certain misconceptions about women’s political participation.

On January 1st, 2024, Ethiopia and Somaliland announced a historic Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) which promises to reconfigure the geopolitics of the Horn of Africa. The MoU grants Ethiopia access to the sea, in which it will lease 20 kilometers of coastline. In return, Ethiopia has agreed to recognize Somaliland, which also is due to receive a stake in Ethiopian Airlines. This agreement has significant implications for the foreign policy of Ethiopia towards Somalia, as it prioritizes its interests and those of Somaliland over historical ties with Somalia. The deal has been met with opposition from the Somalia government, which has declared it null and void. However, Somaliland's Ministry of Foreign Affairs has stated that the recognition marks a significant diplomatic milestone for the country.

Ethiopia's access to the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden is crucial to its development and future. The question of access to the sea has been a topic of significant academic and policy discussion, especially after Eritrea's secession from Ethiopia in 1991.

This handbook represents the efforts of the Academy for Peace and Development (APD) to provide information for our stakeholders, partners, universities, donors, and other institutions about the work and functions of APD. It outlines the general objectives, our mission, vision, departments and background to our core activities.

Inter-clan conflicts in Sool are situated in a highly politicized environment where various actors often intervene with conflict resolution processes. These external actors include the federal government of Somalia, Puntland, informal radical groups such as Al-Shabab and ISIS and clan-based militia (who have fought both Somaliland and Puntland government).

Climate change has led to protracted droughts and famines which have interacted with deep-seated cultural, political, and clan issues to undermine peace in Eastern Somaliland. This publication, therefore, explores the conflict dynamics and presents recommendations for sustainable conflict resolution and stability in Eastern Somaliland. Part one of the publication introduces the background to the conflict and clan tension and explains the research methodology employed in the study.

Debate about local government revenue collection and sharing has persisted since the 1990s, and intensified in the last couple of years. On 27 June 2022, members of the Somaliland house of representatives submitted a motion to amend the Regions and Districts Self-management Law, No. 23/2019 law. The amendments aim to correct inequalities in revenue sharing. Other MPs and sections of society are against the motion.