On January 1st, 2024, Ethiopia and Somaliland announced a historic Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) which promises to reconfigure the geopolitics of the Horn of Africa. The MoU grants Ethiopia access to the sea, in which it will lease 20 kilometers of coastline. In return, Ethiopia has agreed to recognize Somaliland, which also is due to receive a stake in Ethiopian Airlines. This agreement has significant implications for the foreign policy of Ethiopia towards Somalia, as it prioritizes its interests and those of Somaliland over historical ties with Somalia. The deal has been met with opposition from the Somalia government, which has declared it null and void. However, Somaliland's Ministry of Foreign Affairs has stated that the recognition marks a significant diplomatic milestone for the country.

Ethiopia's access to the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden is crucial to its development and future. The question of access to the sea has been a topic of significant academic and policy discussion, especially after Eritrea's secession from Ethiopia in 1991.

This handbook represents the efforts of the Academy for Peace and Development (APD) to provide information for our stakeholders, partners, universities, donors, and other institutions about the work and functions of APD. It outlines the general objectives, our mission, vision, departments and background to our core activities.

Inter-clan conflicts in Sool are situated in a highly politicized environment where various actors often intervene with conflict resolution processes. These external actors include the federal government of Somalia, Puntland, informal radical groups such as Al-Shabab and ISIS and clan-based militia (who have fought both Somaliland and Puntland government).

Climate change has led to protracted droughts and famines which have interacted with deep-seated cultural, political, and clan issues to undermine peace in Eastern Somaliland. This publication, therefore, explores the conflict dynamics and presents recommendations for sustainable conflict resolution and stability in Eastern Somaliland. Part one of the publication introduces the background to the conflict and clan tension and explains the research methodology employed in the study.

Debate about local government revenue collection and sharing has persisted since the 1990s, and intensified in the last couple of years. On 27 June 2022, members of the Somaliland house of representatives submitted a motion to amend the Regions and Districts Self-management Law, No. 23/2019 law. The amendments aim to correct inequalities in revenue sharing. Other MPs and sections of society are against the motion.

Doodda ku aaddan ururinta iyo wadaagga dakhliga dowladaha hoose waxay taagnayd ilaa 1990-nadii, laakiin waxay aad u xoogaysatey dhowrkii sano ee ugu danbeeyey. 27-kii Juun 2022, xildhibaanno ka tirsan Golaha Wakiilada ee Soomaalilaan ayaa soo gudbiyey soojeedin (mooshin) wax lagaga beddelayo, Xeerka Ismaamulka Gobollada iyo Degmooyinka ee Xeer Lr. 23/2019. Wax ka beddelkaa ujeeddadiisu waxay ahayd in la saxo “sinnaan la’aanta” ka jirta wadaagga dakhliga. Mooshinkaa waxaa ka soo horjeestay xildhibaanno iyo qaybo kale oo bulshada ka mid ah. Iyada oo doodda daaran wadaagga dakhligu, gaar ahaan dakhliga dowladaha hoose, uu saamayn ballaadhan ku leeyahay wadajirka qaranka, dowlad-dhiska iyo xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya bulshada iyo dowladda, waxaa yar fahamka iyo dhigaalka ku saabsan dooddan.

Ethiopia is at war with the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) which was been the country's de facto ruling party from 1990s to 2018. This is because TPLF was the most dominant and powerful formation within the ruling coalition, the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF).